Cyborg Yeast Cells

Cyborg Yeast's Genes Are Controlled By a Computer  

The ability to make cells do our bidding would be a major advance in everything from drug production to biofuels, but it’s difficult to hack into nature and make cells obey. A team of Swiss researchers have one way to do it: Create cyborg cells connected to, and controlled by, a computer.

Researchers at ETH Zurich were able to form a feedback loop between a common form of yeast and a computer, which controlled light pulses to precisely control the expression of genes. It’s different from other cell-control techniques we have seen, like simple genetic modification or synthetic circuitry. Instead, the Swiss team modifies some light-coding proteins and connects the cell to a computer model, which uses algorithms to read out the light responses and determine cellular feedback. It’s an in vivo, in silico network.

Andreas Milias-Argeitis and colleagues started with Saccharomyces cerevisiae — brewer’s yeast — and focused on a molecule called phytochrome, which can be activated in the presence of red light. The activation of this molecule starts or stops the transcription of a gene that codes for a specific protein. Then the team used a fluorescent gene marker to watch when this protein was being produced.

Once they figured this out, the team built a computer model to determine how long each light pulse should last in order to control gene expression. This was especially tricky, as the researchers explain, because the reporter molecule (the fluorescent marker) takes a while to fire up and it stays active for awhile, interfering with their precise timing. At first, their model worked in simulation but not in cells, which can be blamed on "inevitable intracellular fluctuations," as Milias-Argeitis et al. put it.

To improve matters, the researchers built a closed-loop system: Shine a red light; start gene expression; monitor said gene expression and calculate optimal inputs with a feedback algorithm; then shine a darker light to stop expression.

"By interfacing electronic control with biological responses, in silico feedback provides an approach for unprecedented, quantitative control over the activity of living cells," the authors write.

Related Articles

• Half-Synthetic Half-Biological Material Replaces Soft Facial Tissues, Letting Doctors Shape Implants to Order
•  DARPA Wants Bio-Factories Producing Synthetic Living Parts
•  Researchers Genetically Modify Living Cells to Compute Like Electronic Circuitry
• Brewer's Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the microscope. Wikipedia

Tags

Science, Rebecca Boyle, biological computers, cells, circuits, fluorescence, loop, proteins, synthetic biology, yeast

The paper appears online in the journal Nature Biotechnology.

http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-11/computer-controls-genes-new-cyborg-yeast-systemcyborg cells

Living cells interfaced with a range of polyelectrolyte coatings, magnetic and noble metal nanoparticles, hard mineral shells and other complex nanomaterials can perform functions often completely different from their original specialisation. Such "cyborg cells" are already finding a range of novel applications in areas like whole cell biosensors, bioelectronics, toxicity microscreening, tissue engineering, cell implant protection and bioanalytical chemistry. In this tutorial review, we describe the development of novel methods for functionalisation of cells with polymers and nanoparticles and comment on future advances in this technology in the light of other literature approaches. We review recent studies on the cell viability and function upon direct deposition of nanoparticles, coating with polyelectrolytes, polymer assisted assembly of nanomaterials and hard shells on the cell surface. The cell toxicity issues are considered for many practical applications in terms of possible adverse effects of the deposited polymers, polyelectrolytes and nanoparticles on the cell surface.
Tutorial Review
Cyborg cells: functionalisation of living cells with polymers and nanomaterials
Rawil F. Fakhrullin , Alsu I. Zamaleeva , Renata T. Minullina , Svetlana A. Konnova and Vesselin N. Paunov
Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012,41, 4189-4206
Received 23 Sep 2011, First published on the web 16 Apr 2012

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/cs/c2cs15264a